The role of Women and Men in German Society (centuries 20th and 21st)

 The Role of Women

In 1865, the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein (ADF) was founded as an umbrella organization for women's associations, demanding rights to education, employment and political participation. Three decades later, the Bund Deutscher Frauenverbände (BDF) replaced ADF and excluded from membership the proletarian movement that was part of the earlier group. The two movements had differing views concerning women's place in society, and accordingly, they also had different agendas. As factory jobs became available for women, they campaigned for equal pay and equal treatment. In 1908 German women won the right to join political parties, and in 1918 they were finally granted the right to vote.   

Women played important roles in the Nazi organization and were allowed some autonomy to mobilize other women. After Hitler came to power in 1933, the activist women were replaced by bureaucratic women, who emphasized feminine virtues, marriage, and childbirth. As Germany prepared for war, large numbers of women were incorporated into the public sector and, with the need for full mobilization of factories by 1943, all women were required to register with the employment office. Hundreds of thousands of women served in the military as nurses and support personnel, and another hundred thousand served in the Luftwaffe (the aerial warfare brand in Germany during the World War II) , especially helping to operate the anti—aircraft systems. Women's wages remained unequal and women were denied positions of leadership or control.

The Role of Men

All men age 18-23 have to attend a nine month training before going into war.

All major German military and political leaders in the 20th century were men.

Rulers, Government and Politics (centuries 18th and 19th)

Holy Roman Empire

It was the complex of territories in central Europe. This state lasted until 1806, when Napoleon I. Central Europe and conquered the kingdom of weak formations brought to collapse.

Capital: no official capital

Government: Elective Monarchy

Emperor: Otto I 962-973 and Francis II 1792-1806

Legislature: The Imperial Diet (Reichstag) was not a parliament in today's sense; instead, it was an assembly of the various estates of the realm. It was the convention of the Imperial Estates, legal entities that, according to feudal law, had no authority above them besides the Holy Roman Emperor (or King of the Romans) himself. The deputies convened occasionally at different cities, until in 1663 the Perpetual Diet was established at the Regensburg city hall.

German Confederation

It was an association of 41 states, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. But it was considerate ineffective. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation off, annexing large parts of its territory and the remaining area can essentially be split into three parts: Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia and Austria.

Capital: no official capital, but Frankfurt  was the place where they met to discuss about politic.

Government: Confederation

President: Francis I 1815-1835, Ferdinand I 1835-1848, and Francis Joseph I 1850-1866

Legislature: Federal Confederation (German: Bundesversammlung or Bundestag) was the only central institution of the German Confederation from 1815 until 1848, and from 1850 until 1866. It was organized as a permanent congress of envoys.

Prussia

Kingdom of Prussia was the force behind the unification of the Germany in 1871 and the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918.

Capital: Berlin

Government: Monarchy (absolute before 1848, and Constitutional from 1848)

King: 1701-1713 Frederick I and 1888-1918 William II

Minister-President: 1848 Adolf Heinrich and 1918 Maximilian William

Legislature: The Landtag of Prussia (German: Preußischer Landtag) was the representative assembly of the Kingdom of Prussia implemented in 1849, a bicameral legislature consisting of the upper House of Lords (Herrenhaus) and the lower House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus). After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–19 the Landtag diet continued as the parliament of the Free State of Prussia from 1921.

North German Confederation

The North German Confederation was the first federally organized German State for historical precursor of the Empire realized the German nation-state formation. The originally in 1866 as a military alliance under Prussian leadership scale federation of German states north of the Main line transformed with the constitution on July 1, 1867, the first German state  .

Capital: Berlin

Federal Bureau: 1867-1871 Wilhelm I

Head of Government: Prince Otto von Bismarck

German Empire

German Empire is the name given to the German Reich between 1871 and 1918. The German Empire was carried out with the proclamation of the Prussian king Wilhelm I to the German Emperor on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors of the Palace of Versailles. This followed the victory of the North German Confederation and the South German states allied with him in the German-French war. On small German basis and under the rule of the Prussian Hohenzollern was the first time a German nation-state emerged.

Capital: Berlin

Government: 1871-1918 Constitutional Monarchy, and 1918 Parliamentary Monarchy

Head of State: 1871-1888 Wilhelm I, 1888 Friedrich III, 1888-1918 Wilhelm II

Head of Government: 1871-1890 Prince Otto Von Bismarck, 1890-1894 Count Leo Von Caprivi, 1894-1900 Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg.

Legislature: Federal and Hereditary Monarchy.

Berlin Calling

Berlin Calling is a German movie that shows the story of Martin Karow a producer and DJ, who is trying to release a new album. However, his drugs addiction made him psychotic and he ended in rehab. The time he spent in this clinic made him realized that his will to record this album is strong enough to recover him from his drug’s problems. When I compare the culture differences related on the movie with Brazil, I could see that the family bounds in Brazil are way more strong, and usually when a relative has a “healthy problem” as he does, the family still together. 

Kantorek

" I am a former schoolteacher and my goal it inspires young boys to sign to the war. For me the war is a honor and the best way to show my patriotism and love for my father land. I represent the nationalism, the ideology of unswerving dedication to one's own country. My patriotic sentiments and bullying forced Paul and his classmates, what I proudly called the "'Iron Youth'", into volunteering for the war. Paul gains some measure of revenge when he sees that I have been enlisted in the war; at least I must now fight and possibly die for the war I have helped promote."